Abstract
Background: Priority setting in publicly financed healthcare systems should be guided by ethical norms and other
considerations viewed as socially valuable, and we find several different approaches for how such norms and considerations
guide priorities in healthcare decision-making. Common to many of these approaches is that interventions are ranked
in relation to each other, following the application of these norms and considerations, and that this ranking list is then
translated into a coverage scheme. In the literature we find at least two different views on how a ranking list should be
translated into coverage schemes: (1) rationing from the bottom where everything below a certain ranking order is
rationed; or (2) a relative degree of coverage, where higher ranked interventions are given a relatively larger share of
resources than lower ranked interventions according to some “curve of coverage.”
Methods: The aim of this article is to provide a normative analysis of how the background set of ethical norms and other
considerations support these two views.
Results: The result of the analysis shows that rationing from the bottom generally gets stronger support if taking
background ethical norms seriously, and with regard to the extent the ranking succeeds in realising these norms.
However, in non-ideal rankings and to handle variations at individual patient level, there is support for relative coverage
at the borderline of what could be covered. A more general relative coverage curve could also be supported if there is a
need to generate resources for the healthcare system, by getting patients back into production and getting acceptance for
priority setting decisions.
Conclusion: Hence, different types of reasons support different deviations from rationing from the bottom. And it
should be noted that the two latter reasons will imply a cost in terms of not living up to the background set of ethical
norms